@prefix owl: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix skos: . @prefix dc: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix bibo: . @prefix vann: . @prefix prov: . @prefix cc: . @prefix schema: . @prefix arch: . @prefix ap: . @prefix : . rdf:type owl:Ontology ; owl:imports ; cc:license "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" ; vann:preferredNamespaceUri "https://meta.linked.archi/eaonapage/onto#" ; vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "eaop" ; dcterms:creator "Kalin Maldzhanski"^^xsd:string ; dc:title "Linked.Archi EA on a Page Ontology"@en ; dc:description '''Ontology for the Enterprise Architecture on a Page framework by Svyatoslav Kotusev. Models the CSVLOD artifact taxonomy (Considerations, Standards, Visions, Landscapes, Outlines, Designs), the three core EA processes (Strategic Planning, Initiative Delivery, Technology Optimization), process phases and governance activities, EA practice participants, governance bodies and tiers, maturity stages, and the 24 empirically validated EA artifacts. Based on peer-reviewed research across 27+ organizations, this framework describes how EA practices actually work rather than prescribing how they should work. This is not an official IASA document.'''@en ; dcterms:abstract '''OWL ontology for the EA on a Page framework — artifact types, processes, process phases, governance model, participants, and maturity stages for evidence-based EA practice.'''@en ; dcterms:created "2020-07-27"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:issued "2020-07-27"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:modified "2026-05-03"^^xsd:date ; dc:publisher "Linked.Archi"@en, ; bibo:status "draft" ; owl:versionIRI ; owl:versionInfo "0.1.0"@en ; prov:wasDerivedFrom "EA on a Page (Svyatoslav Kotusev, 2017)" ; schema:citation '''Kotusev, S. (2019). Enterprise architecture and enterprise architecture artifacts: Questioning the old concept in light of new findings. Journal of Information Technology, 34(2), 102-128.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso , , , ; . ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ## EA Artifact Types (CSVLOD) — the six general types of EA artifacts ## ## These are owl:Class definitions. The 24 specific artifacts are named ## individuals of these classes (defined in eaonapage-tax.ttl). ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ :EAArtifact a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf arch:Element ; skos:prefLabel "EA Artifact"@en ; skos:definition '''An enterprise architecture artifact — a document, model, diagram, or other work product used in an EA practice for planning and decision-making. EA artifacts are classified into six general types by the CSVLOD taxonomy based on their usage and purpose.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :Consideration a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAArtifact ; skos:prefLabel "Consideration"@en ; skos:definition '''Global conceptual rules defining how an organization should operate from the IT perspective. Considerations provide overarching guidance for all IT-related decisions and plans. They are permanent, organization-wide, and rarely change. Typical examples: Principles, Policies, Guidelines.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Used in the Strategic Planning process. Considerations shape all other EA artifacts by establishing the governance rules that constrain decisions.'''@en ; skos:example '''Principles, Policies, Technology Guidelines, Governance Standards.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :Standard a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAArtifact ; skos:prefLabel "Standard"@en ; skos:definition '''Proven reusable solutions for common IT problems. Standards provide approved technologies, patterns, and reference models that should be used across the organization. They are permanent, organization-wide, and updated periodically as technologies evolve. Typical examples: Technology Reference Models, IT Principles, Guidelines, Patterns.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Used in the Technology Optimization process. Standards rationalize the technology landscape by defining what technologies are approved, preferred, or deprecated.'''@en ; skos:example '''Technology Reference Models, Integration Patterns, Platform Standards, Security Standards.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :Vision a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAArtifact ; skos:prefLabel "Vision"@en ; skos:definition '''High-level conceptual descriptions of the desired future state of the organization from the IT perspective. Visions provide long-term direction and are used to align IT investments with business strategy. They are long-lived but evolve as strategy changes. Typical examples: Business Capability Models, Target State Architectures, Roadmaps, Value Chains.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Used in the Strategic Planning process. Visions translate business strategy into IT investment direction.'''@en ; skos:example '''Business Capability Models, Target State Architectures, IT Roadmaps, Value Chain Maps.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :Landscape a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAArtifact ; skos:prefLabel "Landscape"@en ; skos:definition '''High-level descriptions of the current IT landscape showing what exists today. Landscapes provide a shared factual baseline for planning and decision-making. They are continuously maintained and updated as the landscape changes. Typical examples: Landscape Diagrams, Inventories, Enterprise System Portfolios, Integration Maps.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Used in the Technology Optimization process. Landscapes enable rationalization by showing the current state of the IT estate.'''@en ; skos:example '''Application Landscape Diagrams, Technology Inventories, System Portfolios, Integration Maps, Data Flow Diagrams.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :Outline a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAArtifact ; skos:prefLabel "Outline"@en ; skos:definition '''High-level descriptions of specific IT initiatives explaining their overall structure and approach. Outlines provide enough architectural context for investment decisions without going into implementation detail. They are initiative-scoped and short-lived. Typical examples: Solution Overviews, Options Assessments, Initiative Architectures.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Used in the Initiative Delivery process. Outlines bridge the gap between strategic direction and project-level design.'''@en ; skos:example '''Solution Overviews, Options Assessments, High-Level Designs, Architecture Briefs.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :Design a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAArtifact ; skos:prefLabel "Design"@en ; skos:definition '''Detailed descriptions of specific IT solutions providing enough information for implementation. Designs are project-scoped, detailed, and consumed by delivery teams. Typical examples: Solution Designs, Detailed Specifications, Interface Contracts, Data Models.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Used in the Initiative Delivery process. Designs translate outlines into implementable specifications.'''@en ; skos:example '''Solution Designs, Detailed Technical Specifications, Interface Contracts, Deployment Architectures.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ## EA Processes — the three core processes of an EA practice ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ :EAProcess a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ap:ArchitectureProcess ; skos:prefLabel "EA Process"@en ; skos:definition '''A core process in an EA practice as defined by the EA on a Page framework. EA practices consist of three distinct but interrelated processes that revolve around the six types of EA artifacts.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :StrategicPlanning a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAProcess ; skos:prefLabel "Strategic Planning"@en ; skos:definition '''The process of converting business strategy into a desired IT investment portfolio. Uses Considerations (governance rules) and Visions (future-state descriptions) to align IT investments with business direction. Involves senior business and IT leaders.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Key questions: What are our strategic priorities? Where should we invest? What does the target state look like? What principles guide our decisions?'''@en ; :processInput :Consideration ; :processOutput :Vision ; :processParticipant :EnterpriseArchitect, :BusinessLeader, :ITLeader ; :processUsesArtifactType :Consideration, :Vision ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :InitiativeDelivery a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAProcess ; skos:prefLabel "Initiative Delivery"@en ; skos:definition '''The process of turning each IT investment into a working solution. Uses Outlines (initiative-level architecture) and Designs (detailed specifications) to guide project delivery. Involves solution architects and delivery teams.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Key questions: What is the best approach for this initiative? What are the options and trade-offs? How should the solution be designed?'''@en ; :processInput :Consideration, :Standard, :Vision, :Landscape ; :processOutput :Outline, :Design ; :processParticipant :SolutionArchitect, :EnterpriseArchitect ; :processUsesArtifactType :Outline, :Design ; :hasPhase :Initiation, :Realization ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :TechnologyOptimization a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAProcess ; skos:prefLabel "Technology Optimization"@en ; skos:definition '''The process of rationalizing the existing IT landscape. Uses Standards (approved technologies and patterns) and Landscapes (current-state descriptions) to identify optimization opportunities. Involves enterprise architects and technology specialists.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Key questions: What technologies do we have? Which are redundant or end-of-life? What should be our standard technology stack?'''@en ; :processInput :Consideration, :Vision ; :processOutput :Standard, :Landscape ; :processParticipant :EnterpriseArchitect, :ITLeader ; :processUsesArtifactType :Standard, :Landscape ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ## EA Practice Participants ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ :EAParticipant a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf arch:Stakeholder ; skos:prefLabel "EA Practice Participant"@en ; skos:definition '''A stakeholder who participates in EA practice processes.'''@en ; . :EnterpriseArchitect a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAParticipant ; skos:prefLabel "Enterprise Architect"@en ; skos:definition '''Participates in all three EA processes. Develops and maintains Considerations, Visions, Standards, and Landscapes. Reviews Outlines and Designs.'''@en ; . :SolutionArchitect a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAParticipant ; skos:prefLabel "Solution Architect"@en ; skos:definition '''Primarily participates in Initiative Delivery. Develops Outlines and Designs for specific initiatives, guided by Considerations and Standards.'''@en ; . :BusinessLeader a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAParticipant ; skos:prefLabel "Business Leader"@en ; skos:definition '''Participates in Strategic Planning. Provides business strategy input, approves Visions and investment priorities.'''@en ; . :ITLeader a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAParticipant ; skos:prefLabel "IT Leader"@en ; skos:definition '''Participates in Strategic Planning and Technology Optimization. Approves Standards, prioritizes technology investments, and governs the IT landscape.'''@en ; . ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ## EA Maturity Stages ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ :MaturityStage a owl:Class ; skos:prefLabel "EA Maturity Stage"@en ; skos:definition '''A stage in the maturity of an EA practice, characterized by the processes established, artifacts mastered, governance arrangements in place, and benefits realized. EA on a Page defines four stages from Stage Zero (no architecture) to Stage Three (true enterprise architecture).'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''The maturity model is descriptive, not prescriptive or predictive. It describes what is typically observed at each stage, not what should be achieved in a linear progression.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ## EA Governance / Function Model ## ## Based on "EA Function on a Page" (Kotusev). Models the organizational ## arrangements for EA practice: governance bodies, architecture tiers, ## decision escalation, and governed artifact categories. ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ :GovernanceBody a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf arch:Stakeholder ; skos:prefLabel "Governance Body"@en ; skos:definition '''An organizational body that governs architecture decisions and artifacts. Governance bodies review, approve, or reject architecture artifacts and decisions at various levels of the organization. Examples include architecture review boards, steering committees, and technology councils.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''EA Function on a Page describes governance bodies at different tiers, each responsible for different artifact types and decision scopes.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :ArchitectureTier a owl:Class ; skos:prefLabel "Architecture Tier"@en ; skos:definition '''A level in the architecture governance hierarchy. EA on a Page describes one-tier, two-tier, and three-tier governance models depending on organizational size and complexity. Each tier has its own governance bodies, governed artifact types, and decision authority.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''One-tier: single EA team handles all artifacts. Two-tier: enterprise architects handle strategic artifacts, solution architects handle project artifacts. Three-tier: adds a domain/segment architecture layer between enterprise and solution.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . :GovernanceArrangement a owl:Class ; skos:prefLabel "Governance Arrangement"@en ; skos:definition '''A configuration of governance bodies, tiers, decision rights, escalation paths, and governed artifact categories that defines how architecture governance operates in an organization. Different maturity stages and organizational sizes lead to different governance arrangements.'''@en ; rdfs:seeAlso ; . ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ## EA Process Phases and Activities ## ## Enrichment of the three core processes with sub-activities and lifecycle ## phases from "EA Practice on a Page" (Kotusev). ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ :EAProcessPhase a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ap:ArchitectureProcess ; skos:prefLabel "EA Process Phase"@en ; skos:definition '''A phase or sub-activity within one of the three core EA processes. Phases represent the lifecycle stages that initiatives pass through within each process.'''@en ; . :Initiation a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAProcessPhase ; skos:prefLabel "Initiation"@en ; skos:definition '''The phase of Initiative Delivery where a new initiative is assessed, an Outline is developed, options are evaluated, and an architectural approach is selected. Produces Solution Overviews and Options Assessments.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Involves solution architects working with business stakeholders to understand requirements and propose architectural approaches.'''@en ; . :Realization a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAProcessPhase ; skos:prefLabel "Realization"@en ; skos:definition '''The phase of Initiative Delivery where the selected approach is elaborated into detailed Designs and handed over to delivery teams for implementation. Produces Solution Designs and Detailed Specifications.'''@en ; skos:scopeNote '''Involves solution architects working with delivery teams to translate outlines into implementable specifications.'''@en ; . :GovernanceActivity a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :EAProcessPhase ; skos:prefLabel "Governance Activity"@en ; skos:definition '''An activity within EA governance processes, including architecture reviews, approvals, amendments, exemptions, and escalations.'''@en ; . :ArchitectureReview a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :GovernanceActivity ; skos:prefLabel "Architecture Review"@en ; skos:definition '''A governance activity where architecture artifacts are reviewed against standards, principles, and strategic direction. Reviews may result in approval, conditional approval, amendment requests, or rejection.'''@en ; . :Approval a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :GovernanceActivity ; skos:prefLabel "Approval"@en ; skos:definition '''A governance decision to approve an architecture artifact or initiative to proceed. Approvals are granted by the appropriate governance body based on the artifact type and organizational tier.'''@en ; . :Amendment a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :GovernanceActivity ; skos:prefLabel "Amendment"@en ; skos:definition '''A governance activity where an approved architecture artifact is modified to reflect changed requirements, new constraints, or lessons learned during implementation.'''@en ; . :Exemption a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :GovernanceActivity ; skos:prefLabel "Exemption"@en ; skos:definition '''A governance decision to grant a temporary deviation from established standards or principles for a specific initiative, typically with conditions and a remediation timeline.'''@en ; . :Escalation a owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf :GovernanceActivity ; skos:prefLabel "Escalation"@en ; skos:definition '''A governance activity where a decision or conflict is escalated to a higher-tier governance body for resolution. Escalation paths are defined by the governance arrangement.'''@en ; . ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ ## Properties ## ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ :artifactType a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "artifact type"@en ; skos:definition "Classifies an EA artifact by its CSVLOD type."@en ; rdfs:domain :EAArtifact ; . :usedInProcess a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "used in process"@en ; skos:definition "Links an EA artifact type to the process that uses it."@en ; rdfs:domain :EAArtifact ; rdfs:range :EAProcess ; . :artifactScope a owl:DatatypeProperty ; skos:prefLabel "artifact scope"@en ; skos:definition '''The organizational scope of an artifact: organization-wide (Considerations, Standards, Visions, Landscapes) or initiative-scoped (Outlines, Designs).'''@en ; rdfs:domain :EAArtifact ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; . :artifactLifecycle a owl:DatatypeProperty ; skos:prefLabel "artifact lifecycle"@en ; skos:definition '''The temporal lifecycle of an artifact: permanent (Considerations, Standards), long-lived (Visions, Landscapes), or short-lived (Outlines, Designs).'''@en ; rdfs:domain :EAArtifact ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; . :usageFrequency a owl:DatatypeProperty ; skos:prefLabel "usage frequency"@en ; skos:definition '''How commonly the artifact is used across organizations: essential (majority), common (25-50%), or uncommon (10-25%). Based on empirical research across 27+ organizations.'''@en ; rdfs:domain :EAArtifact ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; . :processParticipant a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "process participant"@en ; skos:definition "Links an EA process to a participant role."@en ; rdfs:domain :EAProcess ; rdfs:range :EAParticipant ; . :processUsesArtifactType a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "process uses artifact type"@en ; skos:definition "Links an EA process to the artifact types it uses."@en ; rdfs:domain :EAProcess ; rdfs:range :EAArtifact ; . :governedBy a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "governed by"@en ; skos:definition "Links an EA artifact to the governance body responsible for its review and approval."@en ; rdfs:domain :EAArtifact ; rdfs:range :GovernanceBody ; . :governsTier a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "governs tier"@en ; skos:definition "Links a governance body to the architecture tier it operates at."@en ; rdfs:domain :GovernanceBody ; rdfs:range :ArchitectureTier ; . :escalatesTo a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "escalates to"@en ; skos:definition "Links a governance body to the higher-tier body it escalates decisions to."@en ; rdfs:domain :GovernanceBody ; rdfs:range :GovernanceBody ; . :tierLevel a owl:DatatypeProperty ; skos:prefLabel "tier level"@en ; skos:definition '''The numeric level of an architecture tier in the governance hierarchy: 1 (enterprise), 2 (domain/segment), 3 (solution/project).'''@en ; rdfs:domain :ArchitectureTier ; rdfs:range xsd:integer ; . :hasGovernanceArrangement a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "has governance arrangement"@en ; skos:definition "Links a maturity stage to the governance arrangement typically observed at that stage."@en ; rdfs:domain :MaturityStage ; rdfs:range :GovernanceArrangement ; . :processInput a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "process input"@en ; skos:definition "Links an EA process or phase to the artifact types it consumes as input."@en ; rdfs:domain :EAProcess ; rdfs:range :EAArtifact ; . :processOutput a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "process output"@en ; skos:definition "Links an EA process or phase to the artifact types it produces as output."@en ; rdfs:domain :EAProcess ; rdfs:range :EAArtifact ; . :hasPhase a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "has phase"@en ; skos:definition "Links an EA process to one of its constituent phases or sub-activities."@en ; rdfs:domain :EAProcess ; rdfs:range :EAProcessPhase ; . :maturityStageProcess a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "maturity stage process"@en ; skos:definition "Links a maturity stage to the EA processes typically established at that stage."@en ; rdfs:domain :MaturityStage ; rdfs:range :EAProcess ; . :maturityStageArtifact a owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:prefLabel "maturity stage artifact"@en ; skos:definition "Links a maturity stage to the EA artifact types typically mastered at that stage."@en ; rdfs:domain :MaturityStage ; rdfs:range :EAArtifact ; . :artifactNature a owl:DatatypeProperty ; skos:prefLabel "artifact nature"@en ; skos:definition '''The nature of what an artifact describes: rules (governance constraints), structures (architectural descriptions), or solutions (initiative/project deliverables). Based on Kotusev's three-way classification of EA artifacts.'''@en ; rdfs:domain :EAArtifact ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; . :artifactFocus a owl:DatatypeProperty ; skos:prefLabel "artifact focus"@en ; skos:definition '''Whether an artifact is primarily business-focused (addressing business stakeholders and strategy) or IT-focused (addressing technology and implementation). Based on Kotusev's classification of EA artifacts.'''@en ; rdfs:domain :EAArtifact ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; . :maturityBenefit a owl:DatatypeProperty ; skos:prefLabel "maturity benefit"@en ; skos:definition '''A benefit typically realized at a given maturity stage, based on empirical observation across organizations.'''@en ; rdfs:domain :MaturityStage ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; . :maturityChallenge a owl:DatatypeProperty ; skos:prefLabel "maturity challenge"@en ; skos:definition '''A challenge typically faced at a given maturity stage, based on empirical observation across organizations.'''@en ; rdfs:domain :MaturityStage ; rdfs:range xsd:string ; .